八甲基取代金属酞菁复合材料的制备及其光/电催化研究

利用光能驱动的光催化反应处理水中污染物以及使用电催化还原CO₂（CO₂RR），被认为是高效、低能耗且环保解决水污染问题和温室效应的有效方式。其中催化剂的设计则是光/电催化反应的关键问题。作为一种典型的金属大环配合物，金属酞菁材料具有可见光和近红外吸收能力强、载流子迁移率高、稳定性高、易制备、电子离域充分、中心金属活性高等特性，是目前被广泛研究的光/电催化材料之一。其中，结构简单的酞菁分子合成简单、稳定、溶解性差，大多数研究通过复杂的取代基团修饰金属酞菁分子来改善其光/电化学性质和溶解性，但产率低、稳定性差使其在实际应用中的成本较高。本文以结构简单稳定的八甲基取代金属酞菁为研究对象，通过溶液自组装法制备相应的酞菁纳米材料，研究其中分子聚集态构型及分子间相互作用对纳米材料光/电化学性质的影响。然后有针对性地设计合成了基于纳米金属酞菁的复合材料，深入研究其光催化还原Cr(VI)、光催化氧化罗丹明B（RhB）和电催化CO₂RR的性能。本研究可以拓宽难溶性酞菁材料的实际应用价值，并帮助理解酞菁纳米材料在光/电催化过程中的机制，为其在更高效的光电协同催化研究中的应用提供参考。

采用邻苯二腈路线合成以廉价过渡金属Fe, Co, Ni, Cu为中心金属的四种无取代金属酞菁（MPc）、四种新型非外围八甲基取代金属酞菁（N-MMe₂Pc）以及外围八甲基取代镍酞菁（NiMe₂Pc）。通过沉淀法使酞菁分子自组装形成纳米棒状（NR）结构，其中甲基取代酞菁聚集体的尺寸明显减小，是由于甲基阻碍了酞菁分子的聚集。另一方面，在甲基的诱导作用下，四种N-MMe₂Pc NR中都形成了纯H-聚集体，即酞菁分子以面面堆积的方式排列，这种π-共轭增强效应导致其更宽的光吸收范围和更高的载流子迁移率，有利于其光/电催化活性的提升。在NiMe₂Pc NR中也有一定的π-共轭增强效应，但没有形成纯H-聚集体，表明外围八甲基取代对酞菁分子的面面堆积诱导效应不如非外围取代。

在光催化还原Cr(VI)研究中，通过原位沉淀法制备了N-CuMe₂Pc/RGO和CuPc/RGO复合材料，它们的光催化还原Cr(VI)性能显著提升，归因于RGO可以有效地抑制酞菁中的载流子复合和提升光催化过程中的电荷传输速率。N-CuMe₂Pc/RGO对Cr(VI)的去除率达到99.0%，反应速率常数为0.0320 min^-1，比CuPc/RGO的反应速率快约1.5倍，归因于前者具有更高的光利用率、更大的比表面积和更高的电导率。N-CuMe₂Pc/RGO还具有优异的光催化稳定性，在真实的镀铬废水中也能保持良好的光催化性能。

在光催化氧化RhB研究中，首先通过拓扑反应合成并剥离得到大面积的硅氧烯（Siloxene）纳米片，然后通过溶液浸渍法将N-CuMe₂Pc NR成功负载到 Siloxene上形成复合材料，其光催化氧化RhB性能有较大的提升，归因于两种半导体复合后形成的异质结构加速了光生载流子的分离效率。两者质量比为1:10时形成的复合材料（P1S10）在1 h光照时间内达到55.9%的最高降解效率，反应速率分别是Siloxene和N-CuMe₂Pc NR的3.9倍和7.5倍。在PMS的辅助下，P1S10的光催化降解RhB的最好降解效率提高至95.3%，反应速率常数达到0.0453 min^-1。P1S10/PMS/Vis体系具有优异的光催化循环稳定性，经过淬灭实验确认•SO₄^―、•OH和•O₂^―自由基在该体系中起主要作用。

在电催化CO₂RR研究中，N-CoMe₂Pc NR的FE_CO比CoPc NR高，DFT计算证明八甲基取代增强了Co位点的CO₂吸附和活化过程。通过溶液浸渍法制备了不同比例的N-CoMe₂Pc/NRGO(x:10) 复合材料，在电解质为0.5 mol L^-1 KHCO₃的H型电解池中，比例为6:10的复合材料在-0.8 V（vs.NHE）的电位下实现最佳的FE_CO（90.0%），其对应的j_CO为9.7 mA cm^-2。而在流通电解池中j_CO增大到14.8 mA cm^-2，这归因于流通电解池中CO₂传质效率的提高。将电解质改为1 mol L^-1 KOH后，在更低电位（-0.6 V）下FE_CO提高至94.1%，对应的j_CO和TOF_CO为56.4 mA cm^-2和6.2 s^-1，表明KOH电解质可以抑制HER和减小体系的欧姆损失。

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