Spatiotemporal response of concave VLS grating to ultra-short X-ray pulses

Hu, Kai1,2; Zhu, Ye2; Wu, Chen2; Li, Qinming2; Xu, Zhongmin2; Wang, Qiuping1; Zhang, Weiqing2,3; Yang, Chuan2,4

2023-09-25

10.1364/OE.501464

OPTICS EXPRESS   Impact Factor & Quartile

1094-4087

In soft X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) beamlines, variable-line-spacing (VLS) gratings are often used as dispersive components of monochromators and spectrometers due to their combined dispersion and focusing properties. X-ray FEL pulses passing through the VLS grating can result in not only transverse focusing but also spatiotemporal coupling effects, such as pulse front tilt, pulse front rotation, and pulse stretching. In this paper, we present a theoretical study of the spatiotemporal response of concave VLS gratings to ultra-short X-ray pulses. The theoretical analysis indicates that the tilt angle of the non-zero diffraction orders varies with the propagation distance, and disappears at the focus, where the focal lengths and pulse stretching differ for different diffraction orders. The model demonstrates the pulse duration after the concave VLS grating is the convolution of the initial pulse duration and the stretching term induced by dispersion, while the beam size at the focus in x dimension is the convolution of the geometric scaling beam size and the dispersion term. This work provides a mathematical explanation for the spatiotemporal response of concave VLS grating to ultra-short X-ray pulses and offers valuable insights into the design of FEL grating monochromators, spectrometers, pulse compressors, and pulse stretchers. (c) 2023 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement

SCI

English

Corresponding

National Natural Science Foundation of China["12005135","22288201"] ; National Key Research and Development Program of China[2018YFE0203000] ; Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[GJJSTD20190002]

Optics

Optics

WOS:001087044900008

Optica Publishing Group

PHYSICS

Web of Science

1.Univ Sci & Technol China, Natl Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Hefei 230029, Anhui, Peoples R China
2.Inst Adv Sci Facil, Shenzhen 518107, Peoples R China
3.Chinese Acad Sci, Dalian Inst Chem Phys, State Key Lab Mol React Dynam, Dalian 116023, Peoples R China
4.Southern Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Sci, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, Peoples R China

Hu, Kai,Zhu, Ye,Wu, Chen,et al. Spatiotemporal response of concave VLS grating to ultra-short X-ray pulses[J]. OPTICS EXPRESS,2023,31(20).

Hu, Kai.,Zhu, Ye.,Wu, Chen.,Li, Qinming.,Xu, Zhongmin.,...&Yang, Chuan.(2023).Spatiotemporal response of concave VLS grating to ultra-short X-ray pulses.OPTICS EXPRESS,31(20).

Hu, Kai,et al."Spatiotemporal response of concave VLS grating to ultra-short X-ray pulses".OPTICS EXPRESS 31.20(2023).